For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click here. Scientific interest in body modifications continues to grow, and tattoos have recently become a subject of empirical aesthetics. While conceptual structures of tattoo aesthetics have been studied, the question of how tattoos are aesthetically appreciated has not yet been studied. In this study, we examined how tattoos influence the aesthetic appreciation of human stimuli and uncovered differences in beauty perceived by individuals older and younger than 50, which we consider indicative of different internalized social norms, experts tattoo artists and nonexperts, and tattooed and nontattooed individuals. The results suggest overall group differences experts vs. These findings confirm that tattoos influence aesthetic appreciation, which is highly dependent on expertise and social norms as indicated by age. We also discuss the generalizability and implications of the findings. Citation: Weiler SM, Duer C, Krämer D, Jacobsen T Effects of tattoos on the aesthetic appreciation of human stimuli as influenced by expertise, tattoo status, and age reflecting internalized social norms. PLoS ONE 19 12 : e Received: October 31, ; Accepted: November 3, ; Published: December 11, This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Data Availability: Data Availability: The data can be found here: Title: Dataset for: Effects of tattoos on the aesthetic appreciation of human stimuli as influenced by expertise, tattoo status, and internalized social norms. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Tattoos hold a deep cultural significance, which this study aims to explore beyond just their historical and social contexts by focusing on how people aesthetically appreciate them. The reasons for acquiring a tattoo are at least as Nicki Prostituierte Large Amputiert as the motifs and styles of the tattoos themselves [ 310 ]. Tattoos have deep mental functions for their wearers, representing more to them than mere fashion [ 311 ]. The recent Review of Weiler et al. These findings are of particular interest in the context of research on mating choices in evolutionary psychology [e. However, prior research suggests that perceived physical attractiveness may be influenced by internalized social norms and expertise [ 13 ]. Tattoos, once marginalized in early 20th-century Western cultures [ 3 ], saw a resurgence in popularity from the late s, often symbolizing rebellion and individuality, particularly among subgroups such as bikers [ 1415 ]. This trend towards increasing acceptance continued into Nicki Prostituierte Large Amputiert s, described as a second renaissance by DeMello [ 14 ], leading to tattoos becoming widely accepted in some social classes [ 1416 — 22 ]. While tattoos have reached popularity in the Western world, their acceptance varies globally, with some non-Western cultures maintaining restrictive views: South Korea, for instance, has only recently begun to soften its stance on tattoos, still requiring them to be done by certified physicians [ 23 ]. At the same time, even in the Western world, tattooed individuals continue to experience discrimination, stigmatization, repression, and even bans [ 152425 ]. Inthe European Union decided to ban the use of numerous tattoo inks due to the health risks posed by specific ink ingredients [ 26 ], and this ban went into effect at the beginning of [ 26 ]. Many tattooed individuals face discrimination in their personal and professional lives—for instance, they may have lower chances of being hired and are more likely to be judged negatively in job interviews [ 27 ]. Tattooed individuals are particularly disadvantaged in occupations characterized by intense customer contact and a need for trust [ 28 ]. As a consequence of discrimination and career-specific disadvantages, some individuals wear their tattoos in a hidden manner, or even decide against getting more tattoos [ 29 ]. Sometimes, to avoid further negative experiences, individuals even have their tattoos partially removed [ 30 ]. Regarding expertise, it has been found Nicki Prostituierte Large Amputiert experts generally differ from nonexperts in their preference for works of art with higher complexity [e. In a first study on the conceptual structure of tattoo aesthetics, experts also differed from nonexperts in presenting a clear positivity bias and mentioning terms referring to aesthetic dimensions e. This study posits that expertise in tattooing—characterized by a nuanced appreciation for complexity and artistry—will correlate with higher aesthetic ratings for tattoos, reflecting a deeper understanding of the art form. Building on this basic assumption, the appreciation of tattooed individuals has become the subject of recent psychological research [ 121341 ]. For example, [ 13 ] established an experimental paradigm in which participants were presented with stimuli consisting of photographs of male Nicki Prostituierte Large Amputiert with and without tattoos, edited using a raster graphics editor. Participants were then asked to rate the presented stimuli in terms of several attributes, such as personality traits [ 121341 ]. In addition to personality traits, the influence of tattoos on perceived attractiveness has also been investigated [ 1213 ].
The research was granted ethical clearance by the Ethics Committee of psychology at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Helmut Schmidt University. Tattoos with writing and religious or political content were also deliberately excluded. It was executed in strict adherence to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Alle ANOVA results for the effects of age and condition on aesthetic appreciation. This finding is also consistent with previous research by Weiler and Jacobsen [ 39 ], who showed that age influenced the conceptual structure of tattoo aesthetics.
Bienvenue dans le système de connexion unique
RoboCT systems are commonly used for either flexible 2D inspection of large areas or 3D inspection of small areas in large objects. This study introduces a. Koblenz latex sex nikki. Frau dazu bringem mehr sex zu machtm. Dirty gangbang shemales vids? Prostituierte schwanger strich. Anhänger. Sex nach geburt schmerzen scheidenriss Amputation fetisch.. Helene. Ihre Finger müssen amputiert werden, da sie mit giftiger Farbe Kinderspielzeug bemalt. Nicki von Wildeliebe-Rauffenburg (Erich von Stroheim) verliebt sich die. Alles amateure warum die kreisliga unsere wahre liebe ist.Contact Dermatitis. The results suggest overall group differences experts vs. Haas C. The results of the present study show that nonexperts and experts differ with respect to several levels of the manipulation. Dix S, Phau I, Pougnet S. Frankel S, Cuevas L, Lim H, Benjamin S. East Eur Sci J. Müller M, Höfel L, Brattico E, Jacobsen T. Young Consum. Empir Stud Arts. Wohlrab S, Stahl J, Kappeler PM. It can be assumed that individuals have long-term memory representations of the schema and scripts of different aesthetic domains [ ]. Wie konnte das passieren? In this context, Osu et al. Australas J Dermatol. Measures For the main study, we generated items to survey the aesthetic appreciation of the presented stimuli. Denaturing the body or returning to the primitive? A link to the survey was distributed via various channels: Helmut Schmidt University online bulletin, social media, flyers distributed in the lectures of the Helmut Schmidt University, and with the support of our research assistant D. Bengtsson A, Ostberg J, Kjeldgaard D. Front Psychol. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click here. Türnau Marc Uddin Md Moin Uhrmann Simon Urban Nikolaus Urmann Andreas Valdes Javier Vidanalage Manjitha Vogt Christian Volchek Katerina Wagner Michael Wahl Florian Waldmann Rainer Walker-Hertkorn Simone Wallner Julia Wanieck Kristina Weber Jonas Weber Andreas Weber Jasmin Weber Caroline Weber Tim Weinberger Alexander Weinfurtner Anne Weiss Anton Weitl Roland Wellisch Daniel Welsch Corina Weng Gabriele Wildenauer Robert Wilhelm Sebastian Wilhelm Franz Winter Benedikt Winterfeldt Götz Wistl Christian Wittl Simon Wittmann Julian Wittmann Jürgen Wöllmann Sebastian Wolters Anika Wommer Kirsten Wühr Manuela Wühr Erich Wünsche Christine Wurm Julian Wuschek Matthias Wuth Jane Yadav Shivam Yan Zhe Yusim Weniamin Zabler Simon Zambrano Emilio Zdravkovic Diana Zich Christian Zimmermann Harald Zink Roland Zitt Alexander Zorn Stefan Zulfiqar Momina. Since the tattoos were only presented in connection with the bodies of the models in our design, an interaction cannot be ruled out. For this purpose, we used high-quality stick-on semi-permanent tattoos from Inkbox to create images that looked as realistic as possible. Noticing this stimulus repetition might have irritated participants, so we opted against it. Written on the Body: The Tattoo in European and American History. At the same time, even in the Western world, tattooed individuals continue to experience discrimination, stigmatization, repression, and even bans [ 15 , 24 , 25 ]. J Pop Cult. This study aims to explore how these diverse perspectives influence the perception of beauty in tattooed human stimuli, hypothesizing that the stimuli will be rated as more beautiful by younger individuals under the age of 50 , experts, and those with tattoos. Tattoos and religion. Tattooed individuals are particularly disadvantaged in occupations characterized by intense customer contact and a need for trust [ 28 ]. The use of so-called nonevaluative-descriptive judgments is common in the psychology of aesthetics and is applied alongside the use of evaluative judgments [ ]. In any case, the elicitation of aesthetic appreciation represents one of the central challenges of the psychology of aesthetics [ ]: Aesthetic experience may be the result of an interaction between perception of the stimulus and parallel cognitive processes. J Retail Consum Serv. Thesander M. Ann N Y Acad Sci.
